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Observation (posture, lumbar list, etc) Posture during movements like squatting AROM Repeated Motions (10x: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation) P-A and UP-A Palpation (but not very useful for low back) Special Tests -Lumbar radiculopathy: SLR or Slump,  -Centralization for discogenic (Rules in and rules out. Standing extension and supine knees to chest as not everyone benefits from extension. These are good for interventions, too.) -Spondylolisthesis (if not had imaging) and lumbar instability: Passive Lumbar Extension Test -Lumbar Stenosis CPR: bilateral symptoms, leg pain>back pain, pain with walking/standing, pain relieved with sitting, age>48 (0=-LR of 0.19, 4/5 present=+LR of 4.6) Endurance Testing Isometric chest raise for extensor musculature (repeated motions or static hold) Side plank endurance ratio (75% difference unilaterally = imbalance. Extended hips or bent knees) Flexor-to-extensor endurance ratio (Extensor normally being the stronger. Ratio less than 1

Posture and general appearance Ambulation Special Tests ROM Strength Joint mobility  (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint, also: acetabulofemoral joint) Palpation Muscle length testing (hamstrings, hip flexors) Squatting mechanics Meniscus Meniscus tears can be traumatic or degenerative. Individuals who sustain a meniscal tear report a similar history as an individual with an ACL tear, such as feeling a “pop” while suddenly changing direction with or without contact. The rate of medial meniscal tears increases over time, whereas lateral meniscal tears do not. Prolonged delays in ACL reconstruction are related to increased occurrence of meniscus injuries. Surgical Outcomes: The clinical course for most patients after meniscus injury managed with or without surgery is satisfactory, though these patients will report lower knee function compared to the general population. Patients who have nonoperative management for meniscus tear have similar to better outcomes in terms of stre

Posture, general appearance, ambulation Special Tests ROM  (DF/PF, inversion/eversion, knee extension) Strength  (DF/PF, inversion/eversion, knee flexion/extension, hip ABD, hip extension) Joint mobility  Palpation Muscle length testing  (gastrocnemius/soleus) Hip Osteoarthritis Diagnosis: CPR for hip OA (4/5 is very high probability, 3/5 is moderate probability) -Self-reported squatting as aggravating activity -Lateral pain with active hip flexion -Passive hip IR </= 25 deg -Pain with active hip extension -Positive Scower test with adduction Used for patients over age 50 (from the CPG) Moderate anterior or lateral hip pain during weightbearing activities, morning stiffness less than 1 hour in duration after wakening, hip internal rotation range of motion less than 24° or internal rotation and hip flexion 15° less than the nonpainful side, and/or increased hip pain associated with passive hip internal rotation. (A) When examining a patient with hip pain/hip osteoarthritis over an ep